An Open-Label Crossover Study of the Pharmacokinetics of the 60-mg Edoxaban Tablet Crushed and Administered Either by a Nasogastric Tube or in Apple Puree in Healthy Adults

BACKGROUND Edoxaban is an orally active, direct factor Xa inhibitor indicated to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in non-valvular atrial fibrillation and for the treatment of venous thromboembolism. OBJECTIVES This study assessed the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of the edoxaban 60-mg tablet crushed and administered via a nasogastric tube in a water suspension or orally mixed in apple puree. METHODS This phase 1, open-label, crossover study randomized 30 healthy adults to receive three edoxaban treatment regimens (oral 60-mg edoxaban tablet, or 60-mg edoxaban tablet crushed and administered via a nasogastric tube or orally in apple puree) in one of six treatment sequences. RESULTS Total edoxaban exposure was similar between the intact and crushed tablet regimens (mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity: whole tablet, 2132 ng·h/mL; nasogastric tube, 2021 ng·h/mL; apple puree, 2076 ng·h/mL). Mean maximum plasma concentration, area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the time of the last measurable concentration, terminal half-life, and apparent total body clearance values were also similar. Time to maximum plasma concentration was significantly shorter for the nasogastric tube suspension and apple puree vs. the whole tablet [Hodges-Lehmann estimate of median difference (90% confidence interval): -0.75 (-1.25, -0.28); p = 0.0003 and -0.62 (-0.99, -0.26); p = 0.0024, respectively]. The maximum plasma concentation, area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity, and area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the time of the last measurable concentration were similar between treatment regimens; 90% confidence interval of the geometric least-squares means ratios were within the predefined 80-125% bioequivalence criterion. The safety and tolerability of edoxaban did not differ between treatment regimens. CONCLUSION The results support the use of edoxaban tablets crushed and administered either via a nasogastric tube or orally mixed in apple puree in patients who are unable to swallow solid oral dose formulations.